An Ordinary Man Essay Example

An Ordinary Man Essay Rusesabagina composes that â€Å"a bogus perspective on history is a poison in the circulation system. † How have you encountered this is your own life? Is there such an unbelievable marvel as a totally obvious perspective on history? It appears just as any place there is a contradiction between two individuals, every one of them generally has an alternate story. Given this, two companions of mine battled about a wager they had made. One said the wager was for $20 while the other differ that they had never shaken hands to proclaim it. This is a prime case of what Rusesabagina is portraying. Regardless of what circumstance one is in, there will consistently be varying suppositions over what occurred just on the grounds that individuals are frequently one-sided in their perspectives on the past, seeing just how it influenced the person in question. Subsequently, I don't trust in such an incredible concept as a genuine perspective on history. 2. The way of life of despise empowered Hutu killers to consider themselves casualties in light of the fact that â€Å"the individual whose throat you don't cut will be the person who cuts yours. † Where do you feel that opinion emerges from? How would you figure it tends to be balanced? The opinion of â€Å"the individual whose throat you don't cut will be the person who cuts yours† is one that is shown right off the bat. Hutu understudies were educated in class that they were immaterial to Tutsi kids, making them feel second rate. A long time later, when the Hutu understudies developed to become grown-ups, Radio-Television Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM) turned out to be exceptionally well known. RTLM violated from a common radio show to a politically bigot show bringing back a considerable lot of similar feelings from grade school to the Hutu individuals. This could have been balanced had the legislature ceased the show after its initial hardly any separating comments. . Rusesabagina depicts how he would tune in to preposterously supremacist radio discussions. In spite of the fact that he hated the assessments communicated, he found the shows intriguing. For what reason do you think individuals are attracted to media sources that they object to? Media will consistently be alluring to society. In spite of the fact that we may scorn it, we despite everything read Star magazine, watch Saturday Night Live, and tune in to music with upsetting verses. We read, watch, and tune in to conclusions we can't help contradicting day by day. On the off chance that we didn't, we would have nothing to state when our companions examined last night’s TV appear or the new tune on the radio. To additionally demonstrate this hypothesis, I read a meeting with Rusesabasgina and he states, â€Å"You need to recognize what individuals are stating so as to contend against their perspectives. â€Å" 4. When you see a man like Rusesabagina (or Oskar Schindler in the film Schindler’s List) spare lives by offering incentives to government specialists, does it change what you look like at the job join plays in the public arena? This isn't only a â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† answer. Clarify your answer. No, unite will consistently be in an administration. Regardless of whether it is a representative being gone after for infidelity or a president being indicted, unite is a job in each administration. We will compose a custom exposition test on An Ordinary Man explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on An Ordinary Man explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on An Ordinary Man explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Without it, Rusesabagina or Schindler would not have been effective in completing their trade offs. 5. How does Rusesabagina utilize the â€Å"Rwandan No† as an approach to scrutinize first his own way of life and afterward the universal network? The â€Å"Rwandan No† has become a general term. In the collection of memoirs, An Ordinary Man, Rusesabagina talks about his nation, Rwanda, as a quiet spot. He makes reference to that Rwandans are too courteous to even think about saying no. Rather than just declining, Rwandans come up with pardons until the inquisitive individual quits any pretense of asking or gets the clue. All through the novel, Rusesabagina shows numerous occasions where the â€Å"Rwandan no† step by step violated from amiable to hateful as it became utilized globally. Much of the time, the dark declination was utilized in circumstances of desperate need by both the United Nations and the United States towards Rwanda. 6. Given Rusesabagina’s encounters, what do you think the future holds for Rwanda? I am not exactly sure what's on the horizon for the nation of Rwanda. From the vibes of the administration, it is still run an incredible same as in the past. There isn’t a very remarkable vote based system with one up-and-comer winning 95% of votes, nonetheless, I accept that the nation genuinely thinks about its history and in an endeavor of union, won't let another occasion happen to rehash the decimation of 1994. 7. What various decisions do you figure you would have made in the event that you had been in Rusesabagina’s position? I don't trust I would have taken care of the circumstance as effectively as Rusesabagina did. I comprehend he acted under tension, yet knowing myself, I would have not had the option to convey myself as persuasively as he did in any of his circumstances. 8. What impact do Rusesabagina’s records of the activities of the United Nations and the United States have on your impression of either? Rusesabagina’s accounts have left me to accept that the United Nations could have effortlessly halted the movement of the slaughter at the outset. In the event that they had remained in Rwanda to depict a tiny smidgen of assurance to the individuals, I accept the Hutu killers would be have been undermined enough to ease off for the present. Likewise, Rusesabagina’s record of approaching the White House for help at last and reviewing how every individual reacted with a dark eclination gravely disturbs me. Our nation was misleading in its demonstrations of talking about insurance, yet when the opportunity arrived, our nation’s pioneer kept away from it. There was no equity between the United Nations and United States towards Rwanda. 9. Do the revulsions portrayed in the book make you take a gander at Africa in an unexpected w ay? Clarify your answer. This book has made me take a gander at Africa in an unexpected way. Previously, I never heard much about Africa or its battles. Presently, I have freed myself up to finding out about Darfur and the annihilation that has been occurring generally since 2003. Rusesabagina’s collection of memoirs has made me fully aware of my own legislature, also. I discover myself viewing the news all the more as often as possible and looking into files in my extra time. This book has circumspectly had any kind of effect in who I am presently. 10. Rusesabagina alludes to himself as a customary man. Were his deeds those of a customary man or of a saint? Clarify your answer. I have blended sentiments towards this. Rusesabagina merits the title of a â€Å"hero† in which he spared numerous lives in those couple of months. He acted in a manner I would never observe myself acting. He become a close acquaintence with his adversary and traded off what was looked for after for a container of wine. Rusesabagina acted the manner in which he believed he should, which hence makes him a standard man. We, as people, are totally made with impulses for endurance. In this manner, we use them in the route conceivable to keep us alive. It is my conviction that Rusesabagina exploited the two his senses and his insight to keep him, his family, and his visitors alive. It is my feeling that he is both a legend for figuring out how to spare such a significant number of lives and as a common man for utilizing his impulses and information to endure.

Discuss the ideal knowledge management environment

In the present expanding serious condition and the new economy of block and snap undertakings, information the board (KM) can be considered as a business reconciliation discipline which tries, ‘to improve the exhibition of people and associations by keeping up and utilizing the present and future estimation of information resources' (Newman, B. , ; Conrad, K. W. , 1999, p. 2). While individuals have scrutinized data and information the board as something very similar, information the executives is certifiably not another training yet rather the understandings of information the board and its systems have unremittingly changed. Fruitful block and snap ventures are those which as often as possible administration information and perceives information as a source and combination device to driving the development and maintainability of business disciplines, and consequently recognizes the high vulnerabilities of progress ‘between the information assets and the business execution results, and, the holes between the worth these endeavors make and the worth requested by changing economic situations, buyer inclinations, serious contributions, changing plans of action, and, industry structures' (Malhorta, Y. 2004). Notwithstanding, the information creation process doesn't really prompt business upgrades or worth creation (Chen, C. J. , ; Huang, J. W. , 2007), yet more on how information is taken care of, circled and applied inside a virtual situation, empowering information streams between the individual and its hierarchical culture. Accordingly, it is the reason for this paper to talk about the perfect condition, wherein worth must be made when information is scattered and enough applied where required by utilization of information the board strategies; besides it will recognize that a ‘well-created information the executives framework would animate the inventiveness of every representative by giving precisely the information that worker should be ideally imaginative' (Finneran, T. On the web, No Date). You can peruse likewise Portfolio Management Quizzes In the new developing economy the administration of information is a basic factor for the achievement and upper hand of any association; just like the creating of new information to satisfy hierarchical destinations and to accomplish more noteworthy business enhancement. As indicated by Resnick, L. M. , (2004, p. 87), as contemporary associations develop to an increasingly virtual structure, they lose and gain connections among workers, directors, clients and providers on an unpredictable nuts and bolts; and without reasonable administration, the information made through these connections will be lost. Accordingly, gathering a ‘effective information the executives will empower associations to shield themselves from the misfortunes experienced when representatives and accomplices end their relationship with the organization' (Resnick, L. M. , 2004, p. 288).Business Management Study Guide While specialists have contended that data or potentially information the board rehearses isn't just about the organization of data, yet rather involves the executives necessities for information the executives frameworks to be coordinated to all parts of the virtual condition; a very much developed information the board framework will obstruct the creation and joint effort of innovativeness over every single hierarchical subunit. Finneran, T. (On the web, No date) depicts information the executives more or less where ‘Knowledge Management imagines getting the Right Information inside the Right Context to the Right Person at the Right Time for the Right Business Purpose'. This view recommends the perfect condition wherein people or gathering information ought to be adequately imparted over every authoritative division in manners which straightforwardly sway on business execution. Basically, the perfect information the executives condition will develop and exploit existing and new information through the usage and mix of KM systems, best practices, structures, and advancements that will at last invigorate the improvement of innovativeness and imaginative thoughts of individuals. Basically, the essential idea of information the executives is tied in with sharing information to use existing information, animate advancement and to accomplish operational adequacy. As KM develops numerous organizations will begin to take a gander at KM with a progressively all encompassing methodology, however ‘research shows that albeit numerous organizations have started to build up a type of information the executives capacities, not many (6%) have actualized information the board programs on an undertaking wide scale' (Kidwell, J. J. , Vander Linde, K. M. , ; Johnson, S. L. , 2000, p. 30). The origination on KM best practices ought not principally center around one single sort of activity for upper hand, however rather revolve around expanding on the center business capacities and procedures around information sharing. For example, information sharing can be accomplished through the production of an information network meant to catch information from people and store in groups and the association; adopting an institutional worldwide strategy in encouraging information varying and in separating the social boundaries among association and its clients. Finneran, T. , (Online, No Date) recommend that ‘practitioners of Knowledge Management have discovered that a basic achievement factor in the usage of information the executives is the production of a social situation that empowers the sharing of data'. Information people group can be seen as ‘Global people group of intrigue' which animates virtual and worldwide connections through normal classifications of intrigue, which are not limited and attached to by physical and authoritative obstructions. A few KM best practices and patterns have risen in the course of the most recent couple of years and are estimated to shape the manner in which information is to be overseen. It incorporates the appearance of innovation arrangements, the association of information the executives with e-business, development from constrained KM ventures to big business wide undertaking and expanding the utilization of KM to improve advancement and of strategy information instead of unequivocal information. (Kidwell, J. J. , Vander Linde, K. M. , ; Johnson, S. L. , 2000, p. 29). For the most part, information can be exceptionally hard to classify and can likewise be profoundly emotional. Two kind of information which is perceived in KM are unequivocal and strategy, and when applied profitably inside an association it can assist with expanding upper hand through development and information sharing. In a perfect world, strategy information would better guide activities and settle on better educated choices dependent on the capacity use on observation, hands-on abilities, encounters, know-hows, bits of knowledge, etc. Strategy information is close to home, hard to formalize, impart and move; eventually it is information that is installed inside individuals in an association. Seonghee, K. , (1999) recommends that KM best practices draw on strategy information for inventiveness and ‘ensures undertakings adequacy †that the correct things are being accomplished with the goal that work unit could achieve its destinations. It likewise accommodates a sort of inventive strength †instinct and heuristic can frequently handle extreme issues that would some way or another be hard to tackle'. Practically, information the board systems offer a bunch of opportunities for associations and help to fabricate the uprightness of information dispersal and application inside an association, giving the incalculable advantages in applying a KM structure which expands on the idea of information the executives in points of interest to the authoritative condition, its business procedures and exercises. With the change in outlook and marvel of the need and comprehension of information the board in the course of the most recent quite a long while, numerous specialists have proposed various ways to deal with KM systems, every one of which have just tended to specific parts of information the board. Holsapple, C. W. , and Joshi, K. D. , (1999, p. ) extensively groups KM structures into two classifications; elucidating systems which endeavors to portray the idea of the KM wonders with extra sub classifications including board and explicit systems to depict the entire of the KM marvels, and prescriptive structures specifies the approachs for performing information the executives. For occurrences, the ‘Core Capabilities and Knowledge Building' system started by Leonard-Barton, D. (1995), and as portrayed in Holsapple, C. W. , and Joshi, K. D. , (1999, p. 2) paper, centers around the significance in the characterisation of the KM wonder and in this manner classifying it as a board system. This KM system presented by Leonard-Barton (1995), includes four information building exercises that surround the four center capacities, which Leonard-Barton states is key to an information based association (KBO). The four information building exercises focused on information creation and dissemination are recognized in the structure as: shared and imaginative critical thinking, actualizing and coordinating new strategies and devices, testing and prototyping, and bringing in and engrossing advances from outside of the association's information. What's more, Leonard-Barton communicates that these four information building exercises are impacted by the center abilities recognized in the structure as being: the physical frameworks, for example, databases, representative information and aptitudes, administrative frameworks, for example, prizes and impetuses frameworks, and the authoritative qualities and standards (Holsapple, C. W. , and Joshi, K. D. , 1999, p. 2). This system is utilized to all the more likely comprehend information the board and its attributes of the suggestion in a KBO domain. Accordingly, the dynamic point of view on KM systems doesn't end with information as a last arrangement, yet rather accentuates on the constant development, restoration, trade and correspondence forms. Henceforth KM systems can offer a structure, ‘for adjusting the horde of innovations and approaches that offer some benefit,

New Student Photo Series Post 9 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series Post 9 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Joe Maddens (Jelle is my legal name, but people call me Joe), MIA Joe Maddens is a dual degree MIA/MBA student studying self-sustainable genocide prevention initiatives. This summer he is in Phnom Penh, helping a Cambodian nonprofit write the business plan for a museum that supports genocide education, national healing, and cultural revival. (Joe is second from the left ) The majority of the museum’s exhibits are on the Khmer Rouge regime, which killed roughly 20% of the country’s population between 1975 and 1979. This is Tuol Sleng, a high school that the Khmer Rouge turned into a prison and interrogation center. After interrogation, prisoners from Tuol Sleng were taken to Choung Ek, known as “The Killing Fields,” to be executed and buried in mass graves like this one. Today, millions of tourists visit Cambodia’s temples, including Angkor Wat and many others that are still buried in the jungle.   With ticket revenues from Cambodia’s tourists, the museum would promote education on the Khmer Rouge, provide space and programs for healing, and help preserve endangered aspects of Cambodian culture, such as art forms, music, food, and temples like this one, all of which are being destroyed by commercialization, tourism, and looting. Through revival of its rich culture and history, and using the museum’s social and economic empowerment programs, Cambodia would then reshape its identity in a more positive light, laying the past to rest through commemoration and moving on into the future.   All the photographs were taken in Cambodia

The White Privilege Of Education - 893 Words

tand then be expected to be living a life of prosperity today? Whites knew without an education Black people would not be able to eradicate the dire dilemma slavery put them in. Thus, that was the sole reason this particular White Privilege has been unanimously withheld from Blacks for almost their entire existence in the United States. It was not until 1968 when the doors were swung open and school segregation was determined unlawful in â€Å"all schools† across the US (tolerance.org) were Black people given access to education, especially a college degreed education. Hence, if Macintosh pondered what her White Privilege gave to her that really mattered to most Black people and if she really wanted her article to do its part towards disbanding the permanency of racism, which she eludes to in the article, then she would have pondered the White Privilege of education and she would have listed the lack education has been for centuries for Black people among her White Privile ges. She would have even, highlighted such an important White Privilege. Yet most of the â€Å"White Privileges† Ms. Macintosh listed were blasà ©, at most. And as many years since Ms. Macintosh wrote the article, White Privilege, it boggles the mind that people consider it so profound that it is still being, today, in schools, colleges, and universities to discuss racism in the US. However, the core of Macintosh’s White Privileges are uneducated Black. They have been and are the fuel to Macintosh’s WhiteShow MoreRelatedEssay on Racism and White Privilege in the Education System3426 Words   |  14 Pagesin the Declaration of Independence. Many believe that race is no longer an issue, a viewpoint frequently referred to as color-blindness. National polling data indicated that a majority of whites now believe discrimination against racial minorities no longer exists. (Gallagher, 96) Color-blindness allows a white person to define himself or herself as politically and racially tolerant and then proclaim their adherence to a belief system that does not see or judge individuals by the â€Å"color of theirRead MoreWhite Privilege : A Crime America Pays For1635 Words   |  7 PagesWhite Privilege: A Crime America Pays for Being Privilege is something many of us do not realize we have on an everyday basis. Privilege is something you can get over time, but others are born with the natural ability to be privileged. Anybody who is â€Å"white† descent is born with what is known as white privilege. Many of us do not recognize this the privilege that comes with being white in society. We go on everyday taking advantage of other races by being white without even knowing it. Read MoreEssay The Educational Benefits of White Male Privilege845 Words   |  4 PagesEducational Benefits of White Male Privilege What is learned in school, be it public or private, determines, for the most part, what position an individual will find themselves in - in the future. In â€Å"White Privilege and Male Privilege,† Peggy McIntosh, an author known for doing something that is rarely done in the white community--speaking of her race--makes references to education, to her privileged education, to support her argument on white and male privilege. Sometimes I wonder whatRead MoreThe Article Unpacking The Invisible Backpack 936 Words   |  4 PagesInvisible Backpack, McIntosh states â€Å"I think whites are carefully taught not to recognize white privilege, as males are taught not to recognize male privilege† I think that statement is true since people can become a part of situations related to privilege unintentionally and cannot help how they were born. I believe McIntosh explore of white privilege is all about and how power is established in the everyday life of all people in America. S he says White privilege is stated to consist of an invisibleRead MoreWhite Privilege : An Integral Part Of America s Declaration Of Independence Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pages White Privilege Our country was founded on the notion that â€Å"all men are created equal,† while this concept is an integral part of America’s Declaration of Independence, the fundamental idea has never genuinely been practiced. Our country established a white supremacy culture in its founding days, and has accepted the concept since. White supremacy is the belief that white people are superior to those of all other races. Although there have been valiant efforts, the inequality of the races has neverRead MoreAnalysis Of White Privilege : Unpacking The Invisible Backpack949 Words   |  4 Pagestheir privileges somehow. Imagine if everyone carried a knapsack. This knapsack carries all of our privileges, whether it is our gender, religion, or even simply our ability to breathe without an oxygen tank. Every knapsack that everyone carries is different; however, the only way we could know what’s in a knapsack, you have to be willing to ask and look for your answers. Peggy McInto sh exploits this concept of a â€Å"knapsack†, as she pulls apart what’s in her own sack in her article, â€Å"White Privilege:Read MoreThe Advantages And Disadvantages Of White Privilege1287 Words   |  6 Pagesworld today, White privilege is an existing matter. White privilege can be defined as advantages that assist white individuals in flourishing and gaining success. Privilege is in and of itself a struggle to equality. The advantages in privilege display the inequality that is in our society towards those who are not white. We as a society usually do not see the inequality in the opportunity and quality of life amongst those of different races, and this results from the fact of wealthy white counterpartsRead MoreThe Research Into Racial Inequality850 Words   |  4 Pagesexamine the privileges experienced by Whites (Bonilla-Silva, 2006). But to effectively examine this, the White individual must accept the fact that White privilege and racism still very muc h exist in the United States and how it affects all aspects of our culture and institutions. E. Janie Pinterits was conducting research on the existing scales of White privilege and noted that they were all unidimensional, only focusing on the cognitive dimension. The three existing scales were: 1) White PrivilegeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play Straight White Men 866 Words   |  4 PagesJanuary 23, a couple of classmates and I went to see Young Jean Lee’s â€Å"Straight White Men,† a play examining the values and privileges of being a straight white male. The play is set in a house on Christmas Eve. Although we originally chose this performance because it fitted best with our schedules, I was interested to see what message the Asian playwright wanted to convey to her audience through the interactions of a white family. As a student at the University of Michigan, I interact with studentsRead MoreKnowingly Living With Privilege?908 Words   |  4 PagesLiving with Privilege The Merriam-Webster definition of privilege is: a right or benefit given to some but not others. (1, n.d., definition 1) White privilege is further defined as an advantage a white person or persons get to take advantage of that a non-white person or persons do not. As a white person, the topic of white privilege is often hard to address, and for many, they do not even know that they are benefitting from that privilege. Just by being born white, certain privileges are automatically

The History of Laptop Computers

It is a little hard to determine which was the first portable or laptop computer since the earliest portable computers to arrive did not look anything like the book-sized folding laptops that we are familiar with today. However, they were both portable and can sit on a persons lap and did eventually lead to the development of notebook style laptops.   With that in mind, there are several potential firsts below and how each might qualify for the honor. The First Laptop The Grid Compass was designed in 1979 by a Briton named William Moggridge (1943–2012) for Grid Systems Corporation. It was one-fifth the weight of any model equivalent in performance and was used by NASA as part of the space shuttle program in the early 1980s. As far as technical specs, it featured a 340K byte bubble memory laptop computer system with a die-cast magnesium case and folding electroluminescent graphics display screen. Gavilan Computer U.S. engineer Manny Fernandez (born 1946) had the idea for a well-designed laptop for executives who were just starting to use a computer. Fernandez, who started Gavilan Computer Corporation, promoted his machines as the first laptop computers in May 1983. Many historians have credited the Gavilan as the first fully functional laptop computer. The First True Laptop Computer The Osborne 1. Tomislav Medak/Flickr/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0   The computer considered by most historians to be the first truly portable computer was the Osborne 1. Thai born book and software publisher Adam Osborne (1939–2003) was the founder of Osborne Computer Corp, which produced the Osborne 1 in 1981. It was a portable computer that weighed 24 pounds and cost $1,795. For that, users got a five-inch screen, modem port, two 5 1/4 floppy drives, a large collection of bundled software programs and a battery pack. Unfortunately, the short-lived computer company was never successful.   Early Laptop Releases 1981: The Epson HX-20 is announced in Japan, a battery powered portable computer with a 20-character by 4 line LCD display and a built-in printer. January 1982: Microsofts team of the Japanese engineer Kazuhiko Nishi (born 1956) and Bill Gates (born 1955) begin discussions on designing a portable computer that featured a new liquid crystal display or LCD screen. NIshi later showed the prototype to Radio Shack and the retailer agreed to manufacture the computer. July 1982: Release of the Epson HX-20 1983: Radio Shack releases the TRS-80 Model 100, a 4-pound battery-operated portable version of its TRS-80 Model III with a flat design that looks more like modern laptops of today. February 1984: IBM announces the IBM 5155 Portable Personal Computer. 1986: Radio Shack releases the new, improved and smaller TRS Model 200. 1988: Compaq Computer introduced its first laptop PC with VGA graphics, the Compaq SLT/286. Notebook Styles October 1988: The release of the NEC UltraLite was considered by some to be the first notebook style computer. It was a laptop size computer that weighed under 5-pounds. September 1989: Apple Computer releases the first Macintosh Portable that later evolved into the Powerbook.   1989: Zenith Data Systems releases the Zenith MinisPort, a 6-pound laptop computer.   October 1989: Compaq Computer releases its first notebook PC, the Compaq LTE. March 1991: Microsoft releases the Microsoft BallPoint Mouse, which used both mouse and trackball technology in a pointing device designed for laptop computers. October 1991: Apple Computers released the Macintosh PowerBook 100, 140 and 170—all notebook style laptops. October 1992: IBM releases its ThinkPad 700 laptop computer. 1992: Intel and Microsoft release APM or the Advanced Power Management specification for laptop computers. 1993: The first PDAs or Personal Digital Assistants (pen-based hand-held computers) are released. Sources and Further Information Atkinson, Paul. Man in a Briefcase: The Social Construction of the Laptop Computer and the Emergence of a Type Form. Journal of Design History 18.2 (2005): 191–205.Christensen, Clayton M. The Rigid Disk Drive Industry: A History of Commercial and Technological Turbulence. Business History Review 67.4 (1993):531–588.Leiner, Barry M. et al. The Past and Future History of the Internet. Communications of the ACM 40.2 (1997): 103–108.

Facebook s Influence On Social Media - 1035 Words

Stephen Han Dr. Christopher T. Nielson 11/24/14 Communicating Facebook Facebook has grown to be one of the biggest social media sites in the world. It connects people to society. Especially when in a long distance relationship with friends/family, Facebook allows us to continue to communicate. Although Facebook is very efficient, fast, and continues to update to make it fun and more easy to use, it will never become as open and natural as actual in-person communication. In-person communication allows us to not just listen, but to see the other party’s body language. This leads me to wonder if communication through social media is actually social, or if it leads us to loneliness. Does the experience through social media influence us to lie about our actual personality? I feel sometimes Facebook is just a mask that people put on to hide your true self. I have been a user of Facebook since 2009 and I can testify I have compared my life to others. The things I see on my news feed influence me in many ways. Things like the ALS i ce bucket challenge, have influenced me to donate 20 dollars to the cause. I have experienced depression caused by the low amounts of likes (symbolizing disagreement or dislike) on my status posts and optimism through the support of my friend’s likes and comments. I have experienced misinterpretation of jokes in the form of comments, conveying me into disliking that person. Not being able to see the person’s body language led me to misunderstand theShow MoreRelatedFacebook s Influence On Social Media Essay1736 Words   |  7 PagesOver the last 10 years Facebook has become one of the most socially pervasive social media platforms by offering users a wide variety of features free of charge. In western countries, almost everyone knows what Facebook is, or knows someone on the social media website. However, what users fail to recognise is they are compromising their personal data for the purpose of advertising. The raises the main concern of exploitation through Facebook ’s advertising techniques, alongside issues of privacy andRead MoreFacebook s Influence On Social Media1549 Words   |  7 PagesWith rapid advancements in technology, social media has become more accessible to people allowing them to spend a great amount of time on social media. Types of social media include Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, Instagram, and Tumblr. However, it wasn’t long before Facebook became one of the most used types of social media compared to others with about 1.15 billion users (Crowell 11). Reasons as to why Facebook has become more popular include that it allows people to do many things such as postingRead MoreSocial Networking Sites ( Sns )1207 Words   |  5 PagesHave you heard of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snap Chat, or Myspace? It is probably safe to say most of us have heard of one of these, if not all of these social networking sites (SNS). If by chance, you are unfamiliar with SNS, they are online based social exchange websites. Any one can get a profile on anyone of the sites mentioned above with a valid email address, unless under the age of thirteen. (Phillips, 2007) SNS give an individual an area to create a profile, that allows them to placeRead MoreE Commerce Is Fast Growing Market1132 Words   |  5 Pagesemerging market through adverts posted on social media [2], which draws social media users attention towards the adverts, this is one of the tactics of the E-commerce giant’s to grow their market and revenue. Social media is one powerful tool is known to humankind in the 21st century, which is used for both positive and negative use by the users, companies and etc. F-commerce [1] is one of the platforms provided by Facebook, which one of the biggest social media known to us. F-commerce which refers toRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution And Agricultural Revolution1509 Words   |  7 Pagesof correspondence today is social media, particularly Facebook. In developing and maintaining friendships with others online, relationships are both strengthened and weakened by the barriers and networks formed through social media. As a result, sites like Facebook create a communication gap between those whose friendships are dependent upon social media, leaving numerous traits of the individual and the group up for debate. Most importantly, the influence of social media sites is slowly working toRead MoreSocial Media And Politics During The 1930 S Essay986 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Media and politics Prior to the 1930’s there was no state of union to the public. It wasn’t until the radio that politics and people came as one. Politics started using social media in the 1930’s with Franklin D. Roosevelt. With the use of the radio th president became the center of attention in the media. He used the media for everything. If was federal or foreign affairs because it was easy to rely on the one president oppose to congress. Also, president have a term â€Å"going public† forRead MoreFacebook Adding Music Services Essay1171 Words   |  5 PagesShayndi Raice authored Facebook Adding Music Service in a recently published WSJ.com article of September 1, 2011. The article describes Facebook’s new initiative to include shared media services on their website. These media services will include music, movies, and video games, and will allow Facebook users the opportunity to share their favorite selections with their Facebook friends, without leaving the site. The main characters in this article include Facebook, Inc., a social network website thatRead MoreYoung Womens Exposure Of Medi Mass Media Vs. 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With new technological devices come social media. Social media has been defined by Wikipedia as â€Å"computer-mediatedRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Our Society1559 Words   |  7 Pagesthat social media has taken over conventional media in the world today. We can easily see that they have impacts on our society. Since the introduction of social network sites years ago, to communicate with friends and family has been easy once you have access to internet.The definition of social media is the relationship that exist between network of people (Walter Riviera, 2004). In the last ten years, the online world has changed dramatically. Thanks to the ivention of social media, young

Management Change free essay sample

Drawing on the material from chapter 1 of the text briefly categories and describe the type(s) of change that the organization has undergone over the past 5 years and is currently undergoing. change management can be defined as a structured approach to transitioning individuals, teams, and organizations from a current state to a desired future state. It can be applied to situations such as downsizing, growing organizations, or even adding new technology. It is an organizational process aimed at helping employees to understand, commit to, and accept and embrace changes in their current business environment. If changes are occurring in your organization – strategic changes, tactical changes, leadership changes, technology changes – then those changes are going to have impacts and effects on your people and processes (among other areas). To help minimize those impacts and effects, from having unintended negative outcomes, it is necessary to have â€Å"change management† methodologies in place with skilled resources delivering and executing on those methodologies, principles and processes. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Change or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This helps to minimize possible negative outcomes and increase positive results. There are in total four types of organizational management change: Tuning, Reorientation, Adaptation and Re-creation. As the organization i am staying in is a global logistic company, it has a lot of branches all over te world, management changes occurred frequently in this organization. I just take a example that related to the types for management changes: â€Å"Tuning† and is currently undergoing. Tuning is change that occurs when there is no immediate requirement to change. It involves seeking better ways of achieving and/or defending the strategic vision, for example improving policies, methods, procedures; introducing new technologies; redesigning processes to reduce cost, time to market and so on; or developing people with required competencies. The chosen organization actually developed a new technology called â€Å"Expo Branch Reporting† system to help redesigning processes to reduce operation time. This software was actually developed my my organization’s information system(IS) department, and it’s a summarized reporting system that can run out those missing documents in system, daily shipment pre-alert by the other origin offices, some important event code which missed out to updated in system and so on. This new change in system convenience us a lot, as all the processes set up perfectly in the system and we only need to click a button, the final report will automatically run out. It also shorter the employees’ operation time and make the working process more efficiently. Undertake a brief analysis of the current nature of the external environment facing the organization. Use the headings Political, Economic, Technological and Socio-Cultural (PEST) to structure your answer. Say whether each factor you identify presents an opportunity to the organization and which presents a threat. Rank these factors in order of their ability to impact the organization. PEST analysis is a simple and effective tool used in situation analysis to identify the key external (macro environment level) forces that might affect an organization. These forces can create both opportunities and threats for an organization. Figure 1. Macro environment forces affecting a firm (PEST forces including legal, environmental, ethical and demographic forces) Political I think political has the most important factor that can impact the organization. Here we just list down some politics can impact logistic industries directly: Tax policy (rate and incentives): it always influence the import goods cost, higher tax may cause a higher custom clearance cost, logistic company which involved in the process of custom clearance need to raise the selling rate due to a rising on import tax. Tariffs: We just use airfreight as example in my organization, a change of global tariffs may need to a higher cost in airfreight charges between origin and destination cities, as our customer are mostly long-term relationship which still remain the same selling rates base on the contract. Obviously, this change may suffer a lost to the organization Import restrictions: Import restrictions such as Quality, Quantity or control goods may delay the goods from deliver to consignee. Government involvement in trade union and agreement: for example, Singapore have established a lot of free-trade-zone, means those cargo from the other countries can free storage in this certain area in a limited timing. This may help logistic industries develop more business in Singapore, as Singapore become a very good transition station for cargoes due to government’s free-trade-zone policy Technological Technological is also a very important force that may impact the organization. As for this chosen organization is a logistic industry,new  technology such as tracking system, trade net software an Sap, they were widely used in all the logistic industries and they are very important in order to achieve customer expectation and in time delivery. Economic Actually economic stability can impact all the goods and services in market. Of course even logistic cannot spared, especially those listed enterprises. Economic always refer to inflation rate, interest rate and exchange rate, which all important factors that may impact nation’s export and import, an recession economic may lead a lower shipment volume. Socio-Culture Compare with above 3 points, I think Socio-culture will have lesser impact to my organization. As we know Socio-culture is more about health consciousness, education, religion and beliefs. The impact to logistic industries by Socio-culture may just the same with any other industries. That mainly impact the organization mainly show up on population growth rate, age distribution and sex distribution. Undertake exercise 3. 1 on page 65 of your Text Organization Monthly profit for the organization Meeting sales target Company’s culture and amassment of working environment Customers’ feedback, rating by customers, meet customer’s expectationsDepartment/Unit Teamwork and internal teammates relationship Key performance indicators for every employee Periodical staff assessment form Data timeliness and accuracy.

Chichen Itza Archeologic Site

Chichen Itza is a great pre-Columbian site which used to be a home of the ancient civilization Maya. The archeological site is located in Yucatan Peninsula and presents one of the most famous archeological sites in Mexico, â€Å"Chichen Itza has been considered one of the most important sites in the north portion of the peninsula, while the influence it has cast on the entire region has also been recognized† (Ruiz 84). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Chichen Itza Archeologic Site specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since 1980s the site it is visited by thousands of tourists yearly which influences negatively on the cultural site. For this reason, INAH closed some monuments for public access. In this report, I am going to explore environmental, historical, socio-political and cultural issues that influence the site nowadays. Considering the fact that the territory where the site is situated has long been tran sformed by humans: â€Å"research has shown that many of the seemingly pristine forests were cleared centuries ago and have grown back, the grassland selectively burned or gazed, the mountains carved into terraces, and the waters of the deserts stored or diverted† (Marston, Knox, and Liverman 234). The â€Å"appearance† of the site changed greatly. In addition, climate change and hazards caused by global warming, land use and human activity impact the cultural monuments of the site which causes their destruction. Thus, today, the tourists are not allowed to climb the monuments as it was previously, they can only walk around them at the visitor’s sector. Moreover, as â€Å"Latin American’s climate does not remain constant from year to year† (Marston, Knox, and Liverman 236), one of the most important hazards from which suffers the site is El Nino – â€Å"a periodic warming of sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific off the coast of Peru that results in worldwide changes in climate, including droughts and floods† (Marston, Knox, and Liverman 236). In this light, physical actions taken by human are the main causes which influence clime which, in its turn, influences negatively on ruins of Chichen Itza.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These days, it is the most famous touristic site, â€Å"regularly bus tours take tourists to Chichen Itza which is probably the most important and best restored site of the northern Maya culture†. (Wong 57). As Chichen Itza is a famous tourist spot, the regions around it could not avoid economic and demographic changes. The popular migration in the region began in 1843 after the book by John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood, Incidents of Travel in Yucatan was published where they described Chichen Itza inclusively. Since then, the exploration of the city began. L ater, in 1920’s Fernando Barbachano Peon started the official tourism in the region which provoked considerable economic and demographic changes. Later, the majority of the historical monuments became the federal ownership. And a â€Å"Federal Law over Monuments and Archeological, Artistic and Historical sites† was established. These days, the majority of population is engaged in the tourism activity. There are many hotels and a famous tourist resort of Cancà ºn near the site which serves the main source of income for the government and people. Though, the place is considered to be an ancient Maya city, â€Å"the most imposing buildings are not at all typical of Classic Mayan architecture, and show strong influences from non-Mayan Central Mexico† (Rider 65). The processes of migration in pre-Hispanic and after-Hispanic periods changed the basics of the Maya culture and today, the culture of the city is diverse. In addition, â€Å"Chichen Itza emerged as a si gnificant city around 700, as a result of the convergence of several different groups in the northern Yucatan† (Rider 77). The flow of tourists also changed the demographic situation in the region. As it has already been mentioned, the site is a touristic spot and the majority of the population is engaged into tourism. When the city was populated, it was a great trade center. Isla Cerritos was the main port and beneficial geographical position allowed the city to lead maritime trade with distant areas in Mexico and Central America. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Chichen Itza Archeologic Site specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Chichen Itza ceramics was very popular in the region. Today’s main trade is concentrated in the local areas and local population provides goods and services for tourist trade. In fact, tourists constitute new population of the region and locals feel pressure. In this light, there is a high risk for the region to be overwhelmed by tourists. The process of globalization did not go by the region. The impact of tourism activities is great, thus UNESCO took the situation under control and announced Chichen Itza one of the most important World Heritage Sites and promotes conservation of the region. The tourist trips are controlled and there is a project to develop an alternative tourism in the region which will not impact cultural heritage that has a great historical significance. Thus, we can come to a conclusion that Chchen Itza, which is one of the most popular touristic destinations in the world, suffers from the humans’ activities which cause climate, social and socio-political changes in the nearby regions. Conservation and alternative tourism are the issues of the prime importance for the government, as its main task is to preserve the historic site and, at the same time support the economic stability in the region. Works Cited Marston, Sall ie. A, Paul l. Knox, and Diana M. Liverman. World Regions in Global Context: Peoples, Places, and Environments, 4th ed., Prentice Hall, 2010. Rider, Nick. Yucatan and Mayan Mexico, 3rd. Connecticut: New Holland Publishers, 2005Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ruiz, Francisco Pà ©rez. â€Å"Walled Compounds: An Interpretation of the Deffencive System at Chichen Itza, Yucatan† Web. Wong, Po. P. Tourism vs. Environment: The Case for Coastal Areas. Norwell: Springer, 1993. This essay on Chichen Itza Archeologic Site was written and submitted by user Hayden Solomon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay on Private Investigating Organization part 2Essay Writing Service

Essay on Private Investigating Organization part 2Essay Writing Service Essay on Private Investigating Organization part 2 Essay on Private Investigating Organization part 2Essay on Private Investigating Organization part  1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Michigan Council of Professional Investigators has developed the Code of Ethics, which helps to provide high quality services to clients. The Code of Ethics developed by the Michigan Council of Professional Investigators says,The members of the MCPI have joined together in agreement that all work and professional relationships must be of the highest ethical and moral standards. Investigators shall provide professional and competent services to all clients. This code of ethics constitutes those values agreed to by the members, by virtue of their affiliation with the MCPI. This code is to be honored and practiced as a guideline for all professional activities (Michigan Council of Professional Investigators, Code of Ethics, 2014).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a result, the members of the Michigan Council of Professional Investigators are focused on providing professional private investigation services in accordance with the established local, state, and federal laws, complying with the U.S. Constitution. The members of the Michigan Council of Professional Investigators are responsible for observation and adherent to the key principles established by the Code of Ethics: the principle of honesty, the principle of integrity, and the principle of truthfulness. Besides, the members of the Michigan Council of Professional Investigators are aware of the fact that they should be â€Å"truthful, diligent, and honorable in the discharge of their professional responsibilities† (Michigan Council of Professional Investigators, Code of Ethics, 2014).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Besides, the members of the Michigan Council of Professional Investigators should honor their clients’ contracts, and adhere to the established laws and regulations to provide ethical services in the state o f Michigan. Each member of the Michigan Council of Professional Investigators should protect confidential information of clients and take reasonable care to prevent any possible disclosure of confidential information.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, the members of the Michigan Council of Professional Investigators should avoid improper and unethical solicitation of private investigation services and other aspects of business, including the use of false claims or advertising services. The members of the Michigan Council of Professional Investigators realize that all employees should adhere to the Code of Ethical Conduct, demonstrating respect to all persons in the workplace and performing their tasks diligently, based on the established laws and regulations.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, the members of the Michigan Council of Professional Investigators use their professional experience, skills and abilities to promote the professional reputation of the organization, regarding the practice of the MCPI members. The management team of the Michigan Council of Professional Investigators is overseeing the work of all members of the organization based on the U.S. Constitution and ensuring the security interests of all U.S. citizens. In general, the type of management utilized by the organization is autocratic because the management team is given a full authority make decisions aimed at achieving the established goals. This management type provides quick decision-making that leads to effective implementation of the established plans and tasks (Michigan Council of Professional Investigators. Official Website, 2014).The ways to maintain morale and motivation of personnel  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maintaining morale and motivation of the members of the Michigan Council of Professional Investigators is a vital aspect of the organization’s functioning. The organization is focused on promoting the work ing environment aimed at improvement of the motivation of the staff members under the assumption that motivated employees are make better and more productive employees† (Lewis, 2006, p. 10). The members of the Michigan Council of Professional Investigators use the most technologically advanced equipment available in the field to achieve the most comprehensive and detailed results in private investigation services. Due to the honesty, liability, integrity, and high level of professionalism, the members of the Michigan Council of Professional Investigators perform the most complex, entangled and cost effective investigations to get the required answers for their clients.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Michigan Council of Professional Investigators management team is focused on maintaining moral and motivation of the members. The organization provides many benefits to the members, working at all organizational levels. Some of the benefits provided to the members of the Michigan Council of Professional Investigators include:Quarterly Newsline sources of professional information, including the latest updates on a wide range of private investigation industry issues, specific articles, various legislative issues, and new sources of information.Networking benefits, which are associated with the work of private investigators.Training courses and seminars aimed at providing the most important information on surveillance, compensation issues, insurance fraud issues, equipment technology, etc. (Michigan Council of Professional Investigators, Membership, 2014).Besides, the organization is focused on organizing and holding informative meetings for professional investigators, working in the state of Michigan. The organization’s management is effective.The Michigan Council of Professional Investigators pays due attention to maintaining moral and motivation of personnel. The organization is proud to â€Å"bestow three separate awards upon both me mbers and non-members who have demonstrated various investigative attributes worthy of recognition† (Michigan Council of Professional Investigators, Awards and Recognition, 2014). The organization presents the Awards at the Annual Meeting held in September every year. The Awards Committee and Board of Directors of the Michigan Council of Professional Investigators accept nominations from the members of the organization. Any members may nominate a private investigator based on the personal and professional achievements and his/her contribution to the field of private investigation.  There are three types of awards represented by the Michigan Council of Professional Investigators: the Investigative Excellence Award; the Professionalism Award and the Pinnacle Award. The Investigative Excellence Award is handed out to the private investigator, who managed to demonstrate the top level of professionalism in private investigation, the excellence in ethical practice, as well as inte grity and persistence in work. These values refer to best qualities of a private investigator. The Professionalism Award is handed out to the private investigator that has made a significant contribution to the advancement of the organization and private investigation industry. The Pinnacle Award is handed to those members of the organization who have â€Å"made a difference for the investigative profession and will be awarded at the awards committee and board of directors’ discretion† (Michigan Council of Professional Investigators, Awards and Recognition, 2014).Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that criminal justice management plays an important role in the overall functioning of the organization and contributes to the organization’s growth. The Michigan Council of Professional Investigators is an effective private investigating organization that has developed the proper management to meet the needs of tod ay’s clients and promote the organization’s reputation. The organization effectively uses the system of awards to maintain morale and motivation of all members.

Computer Software Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Computer Software Review - Essay Example However, unlike previous software packages, it is not possible to acquire windows 8.1 through the windows update program (Sosinsky, 2013). It was the intention of the developers of windows 8.1 to address the various complaints that users of windows 8 had. These complaints emanated from the difficulties in understanding the user interface of the software, to incompatibility problems with some important computer software programs (Sosinsky, 2013). Visible enhancements introduced in windows 8.1 includes an improvement in the start screen, a tight integration of OneDrive, additional number of snap views, internet explorer 11, an additional bundled apps, a unified search system that is empowered by Bing, capability of restoring a visible start button on the computer taskbar, capability of restoring previous behavior of an opening of the desktop of a user on the login, as opposed to the start screen (Sosinsky, 2013). Furthermore, windows 8.1 has managed to add support features for emerging technologies, such as 3D printing, high resolution displays, Miracast streaming, Wi-Fi Direct, etc. Furthermore, the user interface of windows 8.1 enables users to get the capability of easily interacting with the computer system. It uses a graphical user interface, and a point to click technology of the cursor and the mouse. This makes it to be very user friendly, giving users a good experience in using the computer system that is installed with windows 8.1 (Sosinsky, 2013). It is important to understand that the common features of a graphical user interface include menus, and icons. In windows 8.1, the start screen is able to provide the first interaction that an individual has with the operating system. This is the first image that an individual sees in a monitor, once the system has been booted. It is able to provide an individual with an access to the tools, and applications of the commonly used programs of the computer

Industry Environment Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Industry Environment Analysis - Research Paper Example However, the business can shield itself by use of the barriers to entry. Barriers to entry are those actions by the firm that increase the costs incurred by potential competitors for them to enter the market (Hill & Jones, 2012). Therefore, the higher the barriers to entry, the higher the costs incurred by competitors and, therefore, the lower the rate of entrance into the market. The common barriers used by industries include economies of scale, switching costs by customers, capital investments, government regulation, brand loyalty and absolute cost advantages. Economies of Scale Economies of scale refer to the benefits and advantages that accrue to a company due to its large size. Economies of scale usually arise from sources such as mass production by the firm, discounts awarded due to buying in bulk, and benefits received due to spreading fixed costs over a large volume of production. Because of a large volume of output, the industry also limits its marketing and advertisements c osts (Hill & Jones, 2012). Therefore, the profitability of a fast-causal restaurant will be affected if its size is small, which limits its economies of scale. However, it can focus on increasing its size in order to increase its economies of scale such as pricing benefits. ... For example, a restaurant could create new recipes for foods; it could also spice up its foods in a unique way as compared to those of its current competitors. Therefore, customers will get used to the products and will prefer the restaurant’s foods to other foods offered in the market (Hill & Jones, 2011). This is a feature referred to as customer loyalty; it is used to ensure that customers stick to the original supplier irrespective of any other suppliers in the market. Capital Investments The business can ensure that its profitability is maintained by investing in capital intensive projects which assure it high returns in the future. For example, a restaurant could invest in latest technological equipment of operation. Such an investment will lead to offering of quality services to customers, thus increasing the number of customers attracted. Consequently, the profitability of the business will be increased. New competitors will be barred from entering the market since the y will not have similar investments for them to compete in the market. On the other hand, the capital requirements needed to make similar investments will be extremely high, so any new business would opt not to enter the market (Kar, 2011). Absolute Cost Advantages Cost advantages for the business will arise from such angles as experience, high quality trained personnel, and control of crucial inputs of production in the market such as labor, raw materials and management skills. It could also have additional advantages such as access to cheap sources of finance and insurance benefits. Therefore, a new company in the market will be hindered from entering since it will not be able to match to the advantages of the

Projet de thèse professionnelle

Projet de thà ¨se professionnelle Projet de thà ¨se professionnelle  «Faut-il rà ©glementer et contrà ´ler davantage les entreprises qui communiquent sur leurs engagements responsables, afin de pouvoir dà ©celer celles qui pratiquent le Greenwashing ? » Il existe trois catà ©gories de communication: Les deux premià ¨res font parties de la communication externe cest-à  -dire celle qui sadresse à   lenvironnement de lentreprise. la communication dite institutionnelle: Elle met en avant les engagements et les valeurs de lentreprise. Elle permet de sensibiliser le public à   des enjeux de socià ©tà © importants, et parfois mà ªme au soutien de grandes causes. La plupart du temps, les agences qui rà ©alisent ces campagnes publicitaires le font à   titre gracieux: on parle de campagne  «pro bono » (bà ©nà ©vole). la communication dite  «produit/service »: Issue de la stratà ©gie marketing, elle vise à   promouvoir un produit ou un service, soit directement auprà ¨s des consommateurs, soit indirectement auprà ¨s des prescripteurs tels que les journalistes. Ces deux types de communication font parties de la communication publicitaire. Ces communications sont destinà ©es à   porter à   la connaissance dun public lexistence dun produit, dun service (communication  «produit/service) ou dune action (communication institutionnelle). Elles visent à   susciter ou à   accroà ®tre le dà ©sir dacquà ©rir ce produit, dutiliser ce service ou de modifier un comportement. La dernià ¨re catà ©gorie de communication se diffà ©rencie des autres. Elle na pas les mà ªmes cibles. la communication dite interne: Dirigà ©e vers les salarià ©s de lentreprise. Ce type de communication consiste à   informer et expliquer de manià ¨re optimum lenvironnement qui entoure les salarià ©s, les guider autant que possible, et crà ©er un climat de confiance et dappartenance à   lentreprise afin de maximiser les performances de lorganisation. Le secteur emploie aujourdhui prà ¨s de 70 000 personnes en France; les entreprises lont bien compris, la communication reprà ©sente un facteur de croissance à ©conomique. Dans le cadre de cette thà ¨se, nous allons nous concentrer davantage sur la communication qui nous intà ©resse, celle dite institutionnelle. On constate que le secteur de la communication a du retard face à   sa responsabilità © environnementale, contrairement aux autres secteurs, mais il est en train de rattraper son retard, comme nous pourront le voir par la suite. II/ Justification de la problà ©matique Intà ©ressà ©e depuis mon plus jeune à ¢ge par là ©cologie puis plus rà ©cemment par le dà ©veloppement durable, il à ©tait à ©vident pour moi que ma thà ¨se professionnelle porte sur ce sujet. Étant en majeure Marketing et Communication, jai choisi en tant que sujet large la communication des entreprises sur le dà ©veloppement durable. Communiquer sur une dà ©marche de dà ©veloppement durable permet aujourdhui aux entreprises damà ©liorer (ou de maintenir) leur image. En effet, de nos jours, les entreprises sont trà ¨s soucieuses de limage quelles reflà ¨tent dans lesprit des consommateurs. Cette image est omniprà ©sente en communication dentreprise (interne et externe). Elle permet de và ©hiculer rapidement et efficacement un message synthà ©tique et constitue une rà ©elle valeur ajoutà ©e dans la communication. Depuis quelques annà ©es, avec la mà ©diatisation des dà ©sastres environnementaux (tels que la dà ©forestation ou le rà ©chauffement climatique) et les rà ©sultats dà ©tudes scientifiques alarmants sur là ©puisement de nos ressources naturelles , nous assistons à   une prise de conscience de la part des pouvoirs publics, de certaines entreprises mais aussi des citoyens. Ces derniers deviennent de plus en plus soucieux du sort de notre planà ¨te, mais aussi plus critiques face à   notre mode de vie, notre manià ¨re de produire et de consommer. Les mentalità ©s changent, et les achats responsables se multiplient. De plus en plus de personnes se disent prà ªtes à   payer plus cher un produit issu du commerce à ©quitable, ou du moins en accord avec la nature et l‘à ©thique. Ces personnes sont à   lorigine dune nouvelle faà §on de penser et dacheter: on les appelle les  «consomacteurs ». Les entreprises lont compris, actuellement, pour garder leur image ou lamà ©liorer, il faut quelles soient respectueuses de lenvironnement et soucieuses de son avenir. Beaucoup dentre elles ont donc adoptà © une stratà ©gie de communication verte revendiquant ainsi leurs engagements pour le respect de lenvironnement et pour une socià ©tà © durable. Nà ©anmoins, se forment deux catà ©gories dentreprises qui communiquent: celles qui ont rà ©ellement pris conscience de lurgence de cet engagement et qui ont concrà ¨tement modifià © leur manià ¨re de produire et de consommer. Le meilleur exemple que jai trouvà © pour illustrer cette catà ©gorie est celui de lentreprise industrielle Lafargue, qui, depuis 30 ans poursuit une politique environnementale ambitieuse en intà ©grant lenvironnement au coeur de la stratà ©gie du groupe comme un facteur de compà ©titività ©. celles qui profitent de leffet de mode du dà ©veloppement durable, pour en faire leur publicità ©, sans pour autant prendre dengagements rà ©els dans cedomaine. Elles pratiquent ce que lon appelle le greenwashing (à ©coblanchiment en Franà §ais). Cette dernià ¨re catà ©gorie dentreprises dà ©crà ©dibilise totalement le concept du dà ©veloppement durable ainsi que ses enjeux urgents. Les consommateurs ne savent plus qui ment et qui dit la và ©rità ©. Certains pensent mà ªme que le concept de dà ©veloppement durable est purement commerciale (un peu comme Halloween en France). Face à   ce phà ©nomà ¨ne, on peut alors se demander: Faudrait-il rà ©glementer et contrà ´ler davantage les entreprises qui communiquent sur leurs engagements dans le dà ©veloppement durable, afin de pouvoir dà ©celer celles qui pratiquent le greenwashing? III/ Concepts, mots-clà ©s Plusieurs mots clà ©s nà ©cessitent des dà ©finitions et explications: Communication: La communication (externe) dà ©signe lensemble des moyens mis en oeuvre pour diffuser des informations sur un produit dans une optique de vente. Malgrà © là ©volution des termes ( «rà ©clame » dans les annà ©es 1930,  «publicità ©Ã‚ » dans les annà ©es 1970 et  «communication » aujourdhui), le but de la communication a toujours à ©tà © de faire vendre des produits, des services, pour le compte dannonceurs et toujours afin de gà ©nà ©rer un retour sur investissement. Elle sert à ©galement à   augmenter la notorià ©tà © de produits, dorganisations, dentreprises et à   promouvoir leurs images. Son rà ´le est ,par consà ©quent, avant tout à ©conomique. Elle permet ainsi aux entreprises de crà ©er de la richesse et des emplois en dà ©veloppant leur notorià ©tà © et leurs dà ©bouchà ©s commerciaux sur des marchà ©s de plus en plus vaste et concurrentiels. Dà ©veloppement durable: Terme issu de lexpression anglophone  «sustainable development ». Selon la Commission Mondiale sur lEnvironnement et le Dà ©veloppement, le dà ©veloppement durable peut se dà ©finir de manià ¨re consensuelle comme  «la capacità © des gà ©nà ©rations prà ©sentes à   satisfaire leurs besoins sans compromettre laptitude des gà ©nà ©rations futures à   couvrir leurs propres besoins. » Cette dà ©finition donnà ©e en 1987 manque de prà ©cision. Le dà ©veloppement durable est une alternative au modà ¨le de dà ©veloppement actuel (excà ¨s, gà ¢chis, surexploitation, surconsommation). Face à   lurgence de la crise à ©cologique et de là ©puisement des ressources, seule lidà ©e dune croissance à ©conomique en accord avec les principes environnementaux permettra à   lhomme de survivre durablement dans des conditions favorables. Ci-dessous le schà ©ma rà ©capitulatif du dà ©veloppement durable autour de ses trois piliers: le Social, lÉconomique et lÉcologique. Le dà ©veloppement durable repose sur un certain nombre de principes: La prà ©caution, la prà ©vention et lanticipation (mà ªme en labsence de certitude scientifique) La solidarità © (sociale, gà ©ographique et gà ©nà ©rationnelle) Le dialogue ( avec lensemble des  «parties prenantes ») Là ©thique et la bonne gouvernance ( transparence de lentreprise, interne et externe) La responsabilità © (par exemple le concept du pollueur/ payeur) Greenwashing: Terme anglophone pouvant à ªtre traduit par  «verdissement dimage », mais il est à ©galement appelà ©  «Ãƒ ©co-blanchiment » ou  «maquillage vert ». Le Greenwashing consiste à   mettre en avant les efforts dune entreprise en termes de dà ©veloppement durable et de protection de lenvironnement, alors mà ªme que ces efforts ne sont pas rà ©els. Ce terme trouve son origine dans la contraction des mots  «green » (vert) et  «brainwashing » (lavage de cerveau). Il a à ©tà © employà © pour la premià ¨re fois dans le titre dun article de la revue  «Mother Jones » au dà ©but des annà ©es 1990. Le terme est aussi utilisà © pour dà ©signer le rapprochement dune entreprise avec lONU dans le cadre du Global Compact. Publicità © mensongà ¨re: Selon le Code du Droit des Affaires,  «la publicità © mensongà ¨re est une dà ©formation de la publicità © commerciale qui prà ©sente le produit ou le bien à   vendre, prestation de services à   accomplir, sous un jour trompeur et inexact en vue dattirer ladhà ©sion de la clientà ¨le. » Il faut distinguer la publicità © mensongà ¨re de la publicità © trompeuse. Une publicità © est mensongà ¨re lorsquelle contient une information fausse, alors quune publicità © de nature à   induire en erreur (interaction ou omission de certains à ©là ©ments dans le message)est trompeuse pour le consommateur (mà ªme si elle ne comporte pas de fausses informations). La publicità © mensongà ¨re ou trompeuse constitut un dà ©lit depuis la loi du 2 Juillet 1963. Cette loi a par la suite à ©tà © remplacà ©e par larticle 44 de la Loi Royer du 27 Dà ©cembre 1973, afin dà ©tendre le champ dapplication du texte. Dà ¨s que la publicità © mensongà ¨re ou trompeuse est communiquà ©e au public, il y a dà ©lit (il est instantanà ©e). Nà ©anmoins, pour quil y ait infraction ,il faut dabord une và ©ritable publicità ©, cest-à  -dire des actes destinà ©s à   attirer lattention du public, soit par voie à ©crite, soit par voie orale ou visuelle. Publicità ©: Forme de communication cherchant à   attirer lattention dun public prà ©alablement ciblà © (consommateur, usager, utilisateur, ), dans le but de linciter à   adopter un comportement souhaità © (acte dachat, à ©lection dune personnalità © politique incitation à   là ©conomie dà ©nergie, ) Selon le Code du Droit des Affaires, tout moyen dinformation du public portant sur la composition dun produit constitue une publicità © dà ¨s lors quil accompagne lobjet proposà © et que le consommateur est conduit à   en prendre connaissance pour guider son choix. IV/ Synthà ¨se provisoire de littà ©rature Problà ©matique: Faudrait-il contrà ´ler et rà ©glementer davantage les entreprises qui communiquent sur leurs engagements dans le dà ©veloppement durable, afin de pouvoir dà ©celer celles qui pratiquent le Greenwashing? Face à   cette problà ©matique, plusieurs hypothà ¨ses sont à   poser. Tout dabord, une premià ¨re notion doit à ªtre và ©rifià ©e. Le dà ©veloppement durable est-il un concept acquis par la socià ©tà ©? Les Franà §ais savent-ils le dà ©finir? Ont-ils pris conscience des enjeux quil relà ¨ve? Ho: La notion de dà ©veloppement durable est acquise en France. En 1999, 12 ans aprà ¨s la naissance de ce concept, seuls 9% des Franà §ais donnaient un contenu à   cette notion. Deux ans plus tard, Monoprix et EDF lanà §aient leurs campagnes sur le dà ©veloppement durable. La premià ¨re campagne de sensibilisation  « le dà ©veloppement daccord mais seulement sil est durable » a accà ©là ©rà © le mouvement, 20 % des Franà §ais comprenaient alors ce concept. En 2007, seulement 65% des Franà §ais interrogà ©s à ©taient capables den parler Aujourdhui, en 2010,  «le dà ©veloppement durable » est une expression qui fait partie du langage courant. Selon une enquà ªte rà ©alisà ©e par le Ministà ¨re de lÉcologie, de lÉnergie, du Dà ©veloppement durable et de la Mer, 97% des Franà §ais dà ©clarent avoir dà ©jà   entendu parler de lexpression. Ce fort pourcentage est en partie due à   toute la communication à   ce sujet (campagnes de sensibilisation, crà ©ation dun ministà ¨re dà ©dià © à   lenvironnement, publicità © verte en pleine expansion, ). Pas plus tard quaujourdhui, jai pu constater lampleur que ce concept prend petit à   petit dans la socià ©tà ©. En effet, des dizaines de panneaux publicitaires annoncent la semaine consacrà ©e du 1er au 7 avril, consacrà ©e au dà ©veloppement durable . Voici quelques exemples parmi tant dautres de publicità © que lon peut voir actuellement dans les rues de Paris. Notre premià ¨re hypothà ¨se est và ©rifià ©e. Effectivement, et heureusement, en 2010, la grande majorità © des Franà §ais se prà ©occupent, plus ou moins, de lavenir de notre planà ¨te. Tout le monde sait par exemple que les piles ne se jettent pas à   la poubelle, quon ne laisse pas leau couler quand on se brosse les dents, que la douche vaut mieux quun bain, ou encore quil faut faire une croix sur les fraises en Dà ©cembre. Ces petits gestes du quotidien, les Franà §ais sont de plus en plus nombreux à   les faire. Ils changent leurs comportements et leurs habitudes. Ce changement de mentalità ©, les entreprises lont bien remarquà © et analysà ©. Nous verrons par la suite comment elles sy sont adaptà ©es, alors que la tendance du  «moins consommer, consommer mieux » sinstalle progressivement dans le pays. Maintenant que notre premià ¨re hypothà ¨se est và ©rifià ©e, nous devons chercher à   savoir: existe-t-il dà ©jà   une rà ©glementation et un contrà ´le effectuà © sur la communication publicitaire faà ®tes par les entreprises? Si oui, alors quelle autorità © est compà ©tente? H1: La communication publicitaire des entreprises est rà ©glementà ©e et contrà ´là ©e. Des autorità ©s sont chargà ©es de la bonne application des rà ¨gles. Le secteur de la communication dispose dun encadrement rà ©glementaire. Il existe en France deux grands principes de cet encadrement: la rà ©gulation et lautorà ©gulation. Le premier principe, la rà ©gulation, est dictà © par le cadre là ©gislatif et juridique franà §ais, via les lois. Il doit à ©galement à ªtre conforme à   des lois au niveau europà ©en, appelà ©es directives. On peut par exemple citer la 2006/114/CE qui dà ©finit comme trompeuse  «toute publicità © qui, dune manià ¨re quelconque, y compris sa prà ©sentation, induit en erreur ou est susceptible dinduire en erreur les personnes auxquelles elle sadresse ou quelle touche et qui, en raison de son caractà ¨re trompeur, est susceptible daffecter leur comportement à ©conomique ou qui, pour ces raisons, porte prà ©judice ou est susceptible de porter prà ©judice à   un concurrent ». Le deuxià ¨me principe, lautorà ©gulation, est reprà ©sentà © par le Code de lICC (Chambre Internationale du Commerce). Il sagit des limites qui encadrent la publicità ©, au-delà   des obligations là ©gales, visant à   ce que le consommateur ne soit pas trompà ©, choquà ©, induit en erreur, ou incità © à   reproduire des comportements nocifs, dangereux. Il existe des instances qui ont pour rà ´le dappliquer ces principes et de sassurer de leur bonne exà ©cution. Plusieurs autorità ©s sont compà ©tentes pour rà ©guler la publicità © franà §aise. La premià ¨re et sà »rement la plus importante sappelle lARPP (Autorità © de Rà ©gulation Professionnelle de la Publicità ©). Elle a pour mission de mener une action en faveur dune publicità © loyale, và ©ridique et saine, dans lintà ©rà ªt des consommateurs, du public et des professionnels de la publicità ©. Les contrà ´les de lARPP se font autant avant la diffusion de la publicità © quaprà ¨s. En France, les professionnels savent quil y a des rà ¨gles à   respecter quant à   la manià ¨re de faire une publicità ©. Ces rà ¨gles obà ©issent à   une triple logique danticipation, de concertation et de responsabilisation. Nà ©anmoins, ces rà ¨gles portent uniquement sur le contenu de la publicità ©, et en aucun cas sur les questions relatives à   la promotion du produit ou service. Ce nest pas le cas de toutes les autorità ©s. En effet, le Conseil Paritaire de la Publicità © (CPP), le Conseil de lÉthique Publicitaire (CEP) et le Comità © de rà ©daction sont des instances associà ©s à   lARPP qui gà ¨re toutes rà ©glementations en amont (cest-à  -dire avant la diffusion au public de la publicità ©) Le CEP agit principalement sur les problà ¨mes dordre à ©thique que contiendraient une publicità ©. Le CPP, lui , sert dintermà ©diaire entre l‘ARPP et les associations (qui ont des attentes face au contenu des publicità ©s). Enfin, le Jury de Dà ©ontologie Publicitaire (JPD) contrà ´le les publicità ©s en aval, donc aprà ¨s leur diffusion. Il a pour mission de communiquer les plaintes faà ®tes à   lencontre de publicità ©s et de campagnes dà ©rogeant aux rà ¨gles à ©tablies. Pour finir, lARPP ne reà §oit aucune subvention de la part de lÉtat: elle est complà ¨tement indà ©pendante. La deuxià ¨me instance compà ©tente en matià ¨re de contrà ´le publicitaire est connue: il sagit du Conseil Supà ©rieur de lAudiovisuel (CSA)C‘est un peu la police de la publicità © (et plus gà ©nà ©ralement de l‘audiovisuel). Il sassure du respect par tous les opà ©rateurs des lois et de la rà ©glementation de la communication audiovisuelle en vigueur. Il est en droit de sanctionner ceux qui sont en infraction contrairement à   l‘ARPP qui n‘a qu‘un rà ´le de contrà ´le. Le CSA est une autorità © administrative à ©galement indà ©pendante des pouvoirs publics. Dautres instances secondaires ou indirectes peuvent à ©galement intervenir de temps à   autre face aux entreprises qui ne respecteraient pas les rà ©glementations là ©gales obligatoires dans leurs publicità ©s. (par exemple la direction gà ©nà ©rale de la concurrence, de la consommation et de la rà ©pression des fraudes ou encore des associations chargà ©es de la protection des consommateurs). De nombreuses recommandations ont à ©tà © crà ©Ãƒ ©s concernant le domaine du dà ©veloppement durable. La dernià ¨re a à ©tà © validà ©e le 18 juin 2009 par le Conseil dAdministration de lARPP: il sagit des nouvelles rà ¨gles de dà ©ontologie publicitaire, qui ont à ©tà © rà ©Ãƒ ©crites conformà ©ment à   lengagement pris dans la Charte pour une publicità © à ©co-responsable signà ©e en avril 2008 avec les pouvoirs publics. Ces rà ¨gles se rà ©sument en deux axes: quand il y a une promesse relative au dà ©veloppement durable: ne pas induire le consommateur en erreur. dans tous les cas, ne pas reprà ©senter de comportements contraires aux principes communà ©ment admis du dà ©veloppement durable. La premià ¨re hypothà ¨se est và ©rifià ©e, comme on la vu ci-dessus, le secteur de la publicità © est bel et bien rà ©glementer. Pourtant, le Greenwashing est un phà ©nomà ¨ne bien prà ©sent. On a à ©galement constater que ces instances sont toutes indà ©pendantes. On peut alors se demander si ces juridictions sont assez compà ©tentes? Doivent-elles à ªtre renforcà ©es par une intervention des pouvoirs publics afin de mieux surveiller les entreprises, et de stopper toute action de Greenwashing ? Doit-on crà ©er une instance spà ©cifique au dà ©veloppement durable, pour gà ©rer ce phà ©nomà ¨ne? H2: Une intervention des pouvoirs publics est nà ©cessaire pour garantir le respect des rà ¨gles de la communication publicitaire. Dix ans aprà ¨s la signature du protocole de Kyoto en 1997 sest crà ©Ãƒ © un grand ministà ¨re de lÉcologie, de lÉnergie, du Dà ©veloppement durable et de lAmà ©nagement du Territoire. Cette mà ªme annà ©e se dà ©roula le Grenelle de lEnvironnement (octobre 2007). Ces deux actions tà ©moignent de la volontà © des pouvoirs publics de faire de lenvironnement une priorità © nationale. Lors dinterrogatoires, les Franà §ais sont nombreux à   penser que ce nest ni aux citoyens, ni aux entreprises dagir et de prendre des mesures environnementales mais bel et bien aux pouvoirs publics de rà ©glementer et dexercer un contrà ´le sur leurs propres rà ©glementations. LÉtat franà §ais a mis en place des actions de sensibilisation au dà ©veloppement durable, et exige des rà ¨gles dà ©ontologiques à   ce sujet. Il se dit prà ªt à   renforcer les contraintes et les obligations envers les entreprises, sans à ©pargner le secteur de la communication. Le parlement europà ©en est intervenu rà ©cemment sur la question de limpact du marketing et de la publicità © (avec par exemple le lien entre la maigreur des mannequins et les comportements alimentaires des adolescentes). Cette thà ©matique pourrait aboutir à   davantage de rà ©glementations, comme par exemple, un encadrement plus strict de lespace publicitaire (type affichage) ou encore laccà ¨s à   limage limità © pour des produits polluants. LÉtat doit donc rà ©glementer davantage le secteur de la publicità © tant au niveau national quau niveau europà ©en. Nà ©anmoins, il na pas pour rà ´le de contrà ´ler ce domaine car des autorità ©s telles que lARPP ou le CSA sont compà ©tentes pour cette mission. De plus, louverture de lARPP aux associations devrait se traduire par une sensibilità © accrue sur les questions environnementales et des pratiques mieux pensà ©es en amont. Si cela nà ©tait pas le cas, une intervention rà ©glementaire serait alors possible. Lhypothà ¨se H1 nest pas và ©rifià ©e. Effectivement, lÉtat a pour rà ´le dencadrer et de rà ©glementer le secteur de la communication publicitaire mais cela doit se faire sans intervention de sa part car des instances sont là   pour se charger de la bonne application de ces rà ¨gles. Nà ©anmoins, il serait judicieux pour ces instances de crà ©er un service spà ©cifique, uniquement rà ©servà © aux publicità ©s vertes, aux problà ¨mes de Greenwashing et plus largement au dà ©veloppement durable. Nous avons vu que le secteur de la communication publicitaire à ©tait rà ©glementà © et contrà ´là © par des autorità ©s compà ©tentes et que les rà ¨gles à   lencontre de toute publicità ©  «verte » mensongà ¨re sà ©taient multiplià ©es depuis ces dernià ¨res annà ©es afin de mieux surveiller toute enfreinte. On peut alors se demander quelles sont les consà ©quences à   la non obà ©issance de ces rà ¨gles pour les entreprises? Que risquent-elles? H3 : Les entreprises qui pratiquent le Greenwashing sexposent à   de lourdes sanctions. Pour và ©rifier cette hypothà ¨se, il faut dabord se demander si le Greenwashing peut-à ªtre qualifià © de  «publicità © mensongà ¨re ». Selon la dà ©finition de la publicità © mensongà ¨re, qui consiste à   cacher un à ©là ©ment du produit ou du service afin dattirer ladhà ©sion de la clientà ¨le, le Greenwashing reprà ©sente bel et bien une sorte de publicità © mensongà ¨re (ou publicità © trompeuse), car les entreprises font croire aux consommateurs potentiels ce quils ont envi dentendre. Le dà ©lit de publicità © mensongà ¨re est instantanà ©e (le caractà ¨re trompeur sapprà ©cie dà ¨s le moment oà ¹ la publicità © est communiquà ©e au public). Selon le dictionnaire permanent du Droit des Affaires,  «mà ªme sil se manifeste lors de chaque communication au public, le dà ©lit de publicità © mensongà ¨re constitue une infraction unique qui ne peut à ªtre poursuivie et sanctionnà ©e quune seule fois. » Selon les articles L. 121-6 et L. 213-1, les infractions à   la rà ©glementation sur la publicità © mensongà ¨re sont passibles des sanctions suivantes: amende pouvant aller jusquà   37 500 euros. emprisonnement dune durà ©e maximum de deux ans. Les peines annoncà ©es peuvent à ªtre cumulables ou non (selon la gravità © du mensonge ou de la tromperie) De plus le maximum de lamende prà ©vue ci-dessus peut-à ªtre portà © à   50% des dà ©penses de la publicità © constituant le dà ©lit. En cas de rà ©cidive, les plafonds des amendes diffà ¨rent. (selon la clà ©mence des magistrats). Le tribunal peut exiger de la part des parties ou de lannonceur la communication de documents utiles ou de justificatifs . En cas de refus, il est en droit de saisir ces documents, et peut prononcer des pà ©nalità ©s de retard allant jusquà   4 500 euros par jour à   compter de la date de demande des documents. En tout à ©tat de cause, la sanction de la publicità © mensongà ¨re ne peut pas à ªtre assortie de linterdiction des droits civiques. Nà ©anmoins, le ministà ¨re public, le juge dinstruction ou le tribunal saisi des poursuites peuvent tous les trois ordonner la cessation de la publicità ©: cette mesure est exà ©cutoire nonobstant toutes voies de recours. Notre hypothà ¨se est và ©rifià ©e; des sanctions importantes sont appliquà ©es si les entreprises pratiquent de la publicità © mensongà ¨re ou trompeuse. Pourtant, pour de puissantes entreprises, les montants des amendes ne reprà ©sentent que trà ¨s peu, en tout cas pas assez pour les dissuader denfreindre la rà ©glementation. On sait maintenant que les entreprises pratiquant le Greenwashing prennent des risques et sexposent à   des sanctions importantes. On peut alors se demander quels sont les risques du Greenwashing, pour les entreprises qui prennent de rà ©els engagements environnementaux? H4 : Le Greenwashing dà ©crà ©dibilise le concept du dà ©veloppement durable ainsi que les entreprises qui sengagent dans de rà ©elles dà ©marches environnementales. La tentation de pratiquer le Greenwashing est grande pour les entreprises: elles rà ©pondent aux attentes des consommateurs en communiquant sur ce quils veulent entendre: qualità © du produit, à ©thique de lentreprise qui se dit irrà ©prochable du point de vue social et environnemental. Comme on la vu ci-dessus, ces pratiques qualifià ©es de  «verdissement frauduleux » sont dangereuses pour les entreprises malhonnà ªtes. Mais le danger le plus inquià ©tant se trouve au niveau du concept en lui-mà ªme. En effet, en le manipulant, les entreprises frauduleuses le vident de sa substance, renforà §ant ainsi la mà ©fiance, voire la dà ©fiance, des publics face à   linstitution. Certains consommateurs voient dà ©jà   à   travers le concept du dà ©veloppement durable une pure manipulation des entreprises pour se dà ©culpabiliser et se blanchir tout en assurant leurs ventes. Cette manià ¨re de penser est trà ¨s inquià ©tante quand on sait que certaines entreprises sont exemplaires dans leur politique environnementale, et que leur dà ©marche est plus que rà ©elle. Pour ces entreprises modà ¨les, le Greenwashing est dà ©sastreux en terme dimage. Beaucoup de ces entreprises trouvent dangereux de vouloir communiquer à   tout prix sur leurs engagements pris en faveur du dà ©veloppement durable. Cest pourquoi peu dentre elles communiquent à   ce sujet. Cest le cas des hypermarchà ©s  «Cora », engagà ©s depuis le dà ©but des annà ©es 90 dans une và ©ritable politique en faveur du dà ©veloppement durable. Lentreprise na jamais voulu communiquer à   ce sujet. Ces entreprises comme  «Cora «Ã‚ », pensent que la confiance est perdue dà ¨s quil y a exagà ©ration ou arrogance: elles limitent volontairement leur communication mà ªme si pour beaucoup dentre elles, le dà ©veloppement durable reprà ©sente un acte fort de management. Pour certains annonceurs,  «parler denvironnement ne peut que faire du bien à   lenvironnement ». Dans un sens, ils ont raison car grà ¢ce à   cette mà ©diatisation, la plupart des Franà §ais connaissent à   prà ©sent le dà ©veloppement durable et savent mà ªme le dà ©finir correctement. Pourtant, si des entreprises communiquent sur leurs engagements de dà ©veloppement durable, sans quaucune mesure ne soit prises en parallà ¨le, elles parlent bel et bien de respect de lenvironnement , tout en continuant à   le polluer autant quavant. De plus ce trop-plein dinformation prà ©sente à ©galement un cà ´tà © pervers. Gà ©nà ©ralement, ces informations sont donnà ©es sans explication, sans mode demploi, hors contexte, de manià ¨re incomplà ¨te voire mà ªme contradictoire. Cette vague dinformations à   outrance est contre- productive, et peut mà ªme conduire à   un  «ras-le-bol » gà ©nà ©ral des discours à ©cologiques. Face aux entreprises, qui, comme on la vu, ne communiquent que peu, il y a des entreprises, qui elles, au contraire, vont se venter de leurs produits respectueux, de leurs soucis environnementaux. En rà ©sumà ©, certaine communiquent à   outrance sur leurs faux engagements, tandis que dautres , honnà ªtes et engagà ©s, se tairont. Alors, qui ment? Qui dit la và ©rità ©? Qui se prà ©occupe vraiment de la planà ¨te? Qui se donne une image de bon samaritain alors quil ne lest pas? Le Greenwashing sà ¨me le dà ©sordre et le doute dans la tà ªte des consommateurs. On peut alors se demander quelles sont les consà ©quences du Greenwashing pour les consommateurs? Ont-ils conscience de ce phà ©nomà ¨ne vert frauduleux? H5 : Le Greenwashing renforce la mà ©fiance des consommateurs vis à   vis de lhonnà ªtetà © des entreprises. Certaines publicità ©s vont à   lencontre du concept de dà ©veloppement durable. Le phà ©nomà ¨ne de Greenwashing est loin dà ªtre marginal. 64% des grandes entreprises dà ©clarent mettre en avant  «souvent » ou  «de temps en temps » des arguments sociaux et environnementaux dans leurs communications. Certaines entreprises se disent » vertes » alors que la nature mà ªme de leur produit est en contradiction totale avec le respect de lenvironnement (exemple des entreprises automobiles, des laboratoires de produits chimiques ou encore des socià ©tà ©s pà ©trolià ¨res). Ces pratiques ont des impacts certains, comme linstauration du doute et de la confusion sur ce qui est vraiment à ©cologique et ce qui ne lest pas. Ces impacts, non nà ©gligeables, vont à   lencontre du concept de dà ©veloppement durable. On peut en rà ©pertorier trois principaux: lincitation à   lutilisation excessive de ressources et/ou dà ©nergie. Les publicità ©s nous encouragent au gà ¢chis. Par exemple, plusieurs marques de lessive encouragent les enfants à   se salir comme bon leur semblent, en insistant sur la facilità © à   faire disparaà ®tre les tà ¢ches. En tenant ce discours, ces publicità ©s encouragent les personnes à   multiplier les cycles de lavage en machine et ne tiennent pas compte des impacts que cela peut avoir sur lenvironnement. le fait de dà ©laisser un produit au profit dun autre, à   plus fort impact nà ©gatif sur la nature. Lexemple qui illustre le mieux cet impact est celui de la publicità © de Cristalline en fà ©vrier 2007, qui tenait le discours suivant:  « Qui prà ©tend que leau du robinet a toujours bon goà »t, ne doit pas en boire souvent! » La marque nous incite à   consommer de leau en bouteille, alors que leau du robinet est dune grande qualità ©, des plus contrà ´là ©es et offre une meilleure à ©quation environnementale que leau en bouteille. La ville de Paris et la socià ©tà © de gestion des eaux parisiennes ont portà © plainte contre la marque. la banalisation ou le dà ©ni denjeux environnementaux. Ainsi, la marque Diesel sortit en 2007 une publicità © montrant une gamme de và ªtements spà ©cialement adapter au rà ©chauffement du climat, et reprà ©sentant cette adaptation , face au climat , joyeuse et facile. Le constat est alarmant; en France, selon une à ©tude effectuà ©e par lARPP et lADEME, sur les 17 129 visuels publicitaires analysà ©s dans le cadre de là ©tude, 508 messages ont un lien avec lenvironnement. Sur ces 508 messages publicitaires, 62 ont fait dà ©bat et 30 ont posà ©s problà ¨mes. Lutilisation du thà ¨me environnemental dans la publicità © a à ©tà © multiplià © par 3 en un an. V/ Plan provisoire Introduction: Rappel sur lurgence de lapplication du concept de dà ©veloppement durable à   tous les niveaux et dans tous les domaines. I/ Le concept de dà ©veloppement durable: une obligation pour chacun A/ Au niveau des citoyens (par exemple le tri sà ©lectif) B/ Au niveau des pouvoirs publics et des États ( engagements à   respecter tels que le protocole de Kyoto) C/ Au niveau des entreprises ( la RSE, la loi NRE) II/ Les dà ©rives du concept: Surmà ©diatisation, phà ©nomà ¨ne de Greenwashing A/ Les causes de ces dà ©rives. B/ Les consà ©quences du verdissement dimage. III/ Le contrà ´le des dà ©rives A/ Les rà ¨glementations obligatoires en terme de communication publicitaire. B/ Les autorità ©s en charge du contrà ´le de la publicità ©. C/ Les sanctions du non respect du dispositif rà ©glementaire. Conclusion: Que faut-il mettre en p